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Lithuanian declension is similar to declensions in ancient Indo-European languages such as Sanskrit, Latin or Ancient Greek. It is one of the most complicated declension systems among modern Indo-European and modern European languages. Traditionally, scholars count up to ten case forms in Lithuanian. However at least one case is reduced to adverbs, and another is extinct in the modern language. So the official variant of Lithuanian has seven cases, and an eighth case is used in some dialects and reduced to an adverb in others. The main cases are: : * nominative (''vardininkas''): ''used to identify the inflection type'' : * genitive (''kilmininkas''): ''used to identify the inflection type'' : * dative (''naudininkas'') : * accusative (''galininkas'') : * instrumental (''įnagininkas'') : * locative (''vietininkas'') : * vocative (''šauksmininkas'') The other cases are: : * ''illative:'' dialectal : * ''allative:'' reduced to adverbs : * ''adessive'' † Lithuanian has two main grammatical numbers: singular and plural. There is also a dual, which is almost unused, except few words, that retain their dual forms. Although grammatically the dual number can be applied to any word, in practice it was used quite sporadically during the last century. The singular and the plural are used similarly to many European languages. Singular, plural and dual inflections of the same case always differ among themselves and there's no rule, how to make, for example, the plural inflection from the singular of the same case. ==Nouns== Lithuanian nouns have five declensions which are defined by the inflection in singular nominative and genitive cases. Only a few borrowed words, like taksì – taxi, tabù – taboo, kupė̃ – compartment (in a train), coupé, are not subject to declension. # There are only two nouns ending in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Their declension is the same to the second adjective feminine declension and similar to a second feminine noun palatalized declension. The noun pati is the same to a pronoun pati 'herself; myself ''f''; itself (for feminine nouns)' # Exception: petys ''m'' – shoulder, peties, etc. after this declensional pattern. This declension is very similar to the fifth declension. # Duktė 'daughter' is the only word of the fifth declension not having the ending "uo". A word moteris 'woman, female' often has a genitive móters; the plural genitive of moteris is moterų (not palatalized -ių); it is the only normal form for the fifth declension and one of the two (the main is -ių) for the third. The more two words, obelis ''f'' – apple tree and dieveris ''m'' – (older) brother-in-law, are the same declensional case as moteris, but dieveris, being masculine possibly has a sg. inst. -iu. Dieveris is also the only -er- masculine case. There was also possibly a word broteris – brother (modern brolis) in old Lithuanian. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lithuanian declension」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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